Revisión diagnóstica sobre el uso de las técnicas de orientación conductual para el manejo odontológico de niños con trastornos del espectro autista

Yoly Durán Mercado, Jesús Alberto Coronado Cisneros

Resumen


Introducción: El autismo es un trastorno del desarrollo cerebral que produceproblemas conductuales, sociales, cognitivos y en la comunicación. En la consulta odontológica, las conductas propias de estos pacientes afectan el cuidado de su salud bucal y dificultan su atención odontológica especializadapor falta de colaboración, impulsividad, agresividad y dificultad para expresar las emociones. Se han propuesto técnicas básicas y avanzadas de orientaciónconductual para manejar a estos pacientes enla consulta odontológica. Sin embargo, no se ha encontrado una revisiónsistemática,actualizada en español. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de las técnicas de manejo conductual de niños con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) que acuden a la consulta odontológica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios publicadosentre 2000 y 2020 en revistas especializadas indexadas en bases de datos (artículos ytesis). Resultados: se seleccionaron 64 estudios. La mayoría resalta la educación y la motivación de los padres como factores clave para lograr el éxito de la consulta odontológica. Todas las técnicas básicas de manejo conductual han sido exitosas: manejo de la conducta por medio de la comunicación, desensibilización, análisis aplicado de la conducta, pedagogía visual, adecuación sensorial del ambiente y capacitación parapadres. Las técnicas avanzadas, terapias farmacológicas, anestesia general y la estabilización protectora son el último recurso, válido solo cuando las otras no han logrado su propósito. Conclusiones: Las técnicas conductuales y ambientales combinadas pueden ser más afectivas para lograr el mejoramiento de la conducta, la comunicación y, en consecuencia, la atención odontológica.


Palabras clave


Atención odontológica para niños; atención odontológica; autismo; odontología pediátrica; revisión sistemática; TEA; trastorno del espectro autista

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Referencias


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