Manejo multidisciplinario y terapia paliativa en falla cardiaca avanzada, revisión de la evidencia

Luis Dulcey, Juan Theran, Valentina Cabrera, Rafael Parales, Raimondo Caltagironne, Edgar Blanco, María Ciliberti

Resumen


DOI: https://doi.org/10.53766/AcBio/2023.14.27.07

La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es una causa importante de mortalidad, hospitalizaciones y calidad de vida reducida y una carga importante para el sistema de salud. El número de pacientes que progresan a una etapa avanzada de IC está creciendo. Solo una proporción limitada de estos pacientes puede someterse a un trasplante de corazón o asistencia circulatoria mecánica. El propósito de esta revisión es resumir el manejo médico de los pacientes con IC avanzada. En primer lugar, se debe implementar un tratamiento oral basado en la evidencia, aunque a menudo no se tolera. Es posible que pronto sean posibles nuevas opciones terapéuticas para estos pacientes. El segundo objetivo es disminuir la carga sintomática a través de la descongestión y la mejora hemodinámica. Algunos tratamientos nuevos que actúan sobre la función cardíaca pueden satisfacer ambas necesidades. Los agentes inotrópicos que actúan a través de un aumento del calcio intracelular a menudo aumentan el riesgo de muerte. Sin embargo, en el reciente ensayo Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac Outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC-HF), omecamtiv mecarbil fue seguro y eficaz en la reducción del resultado primario de muerte cardiovascular o evento de IC en comparación con placebo (razón de riesgo, 0,92, intervalo de confianza del 95 %, 0,86–0,99; p = 0,03) y sus efectos fueron mayores en aquellos pacientes con disfunción ventricular izquierda más grave. Los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca grave que recibieron omecamtiv mecarbil experimentaron un beneficio significativo del tratamiento, mientras que los pacientes sin insuficiencia cardíaca grave no lo experimentaron (p = 0,005 para la interacción). Por último, los clínicos deben cuidar el final de la vida con un abordaje multidisciplinario adecuado. Por lo tanto, el tratamiento médico de la insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada sigue siendo un desafío importante y un área abierta para futuras investigaciones.

Recibido: 30/07/2023
Aceptado: 29/08/2023
Publicado en línea: 24/10/2023


Palabras clave


Insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada; Insuficiencia cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida; Manejo médico; Terapia diurética; Inotrópicos; Omecamtiv mecarbil; Cuidados paliativos

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Referencias


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