Relación entre enfermedad periodontal y obesidad: una revisión tipo paraguas
Resumen
Introducción: La obesidad es un problema de salud pública que afecta y empeora diversas condiciones médicas. La enfermedad periodontal es una patología inflamatoria crónica multifactorial que destruye los tejidos de soporte dental. La obesidad puede contribuir a la progresión de la periodontitis a través de la inflamación sistémica producida por las adipocinas. Objetivo: Analizar y establecer el estado del arte de la relación existente entre la enfermedad periodontal y la obesidad, basándose en los diferentes mecanismos de dichas patologías reportados en revisiones sistemáticas. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión tipo paraguas utilizando artículos de revisión sistemática. La búsqueda se efectuó en las bases de datos PubMed, Google Académico, Science Direct y Dentistry & Oral Science Source. Se seleccionaron artículos en inglés y español que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Resultados: Se identificaron 128 artículos inicialmente, de los cuales se seleccionaron 12 tras analizar su calidad metodológica. La mayoría de los estudios encontraron una asociación positiva entre obesidad y enfermedad periodontal. La obesidad central mostró asociaciones más fuertes con la periodontitis que el IMC general. Se observó una relación bidireccional mediada por inflamación crónica y estrés oxidativo. Conclusiones: Existe una asociación significativa entre obesidad y enfermedad periodontal. La obesidad, especialmente central, es un factor de riesgo importante para la periodontitis. Sin embargo, los mecanismos exactos aún no están completamente elucidados. Se requieren más estudios longitudinales y ensayos clínicos para comprender mejor esta relación compleja y desarrollar estrategias de prevención y tratamiento más efectivas.
Recibido: 05/08/2024
Aceptado: 14/10/2024
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