Desenlaces del trauma ocular como factores pronósticos de la agudeza visual según las escalas birmingham eye trauma terminology (bett) y ocular trauma score (ots)
Ocular trauma outcomes as prognostic factors for visual acuity according to the birmingham eye trauma terminology (bett) and ocular trauma score (ots) scales

Ámbar Rivas, Pedro Rivas-Agüiño

Resumen


Las complicaciones o desenlaces que se presentan después de un trauma ocular se reconocen como los principales factores predictivos o pronósticos del grado de agudeza visual post trauma ocular. Se considera que conforman la base de las clasificaciones que pretenden valorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con lesiones oculares traumáticas, como por ejemplo, las escalas Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) y Ocular Trauma Score (OTS). En la literatura se revisan ampliamente los desenlaces en mención; no obstante, se omite el reporte de características como la laceración de córnea y la presencia o no de fractura orbitaria. El objetivo de esta revisión es señalar de manera sistemática, los principales desenlaces que se deberían tener en cuenta en la valoración pronóstica de la lesión ocular, bien sea abierta o cerrada. Se utilizó como metodología el enfoque cualitativo, tipo revisión con diseño narrativo, para describir los distintos tipos de desenlaces del trauma ocular, haciendo énfasis en el añadido de distintos aspectos hasta ahora poco considerados, en función de mejorar su capacidad de pronóstico. En la literatura revisada, resaltaron los desenlaces referidos a la presencia de mala agudeza visual inicial, ruptura del globo ocular, desprendimiento de retina, diagnóstico de catarata traumática concomitante, hemorragia vítrea, hifema traumático, necesidad de inyecciones intravítreas, endoftalmitis, laceración del párpado y de los anexos oculares, además del traumatismo orbitario. Se concluye con el requerimiento de recomendar estudios comprehensivos de los desenlaces del trauma ocular, para complementar las escalas BETT y OTS y mejorar su capacidad de predicción de agudeza visual.

Complications or outcomes that occur after ocular trauma are recognized as the main predictive or prognostic factors of the degree of visual acuity after ocular trauma. They are considered to form the basis of the classifications that aim to assess the prognosis of patients with traumatic ocular injuries, such as the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology (BETT) and Ocular Trauma Score (OTS) scales. The aforementioned outcomes are widely reviewed in the literature; however, the reporting of characteristics such as corneal laceration and the presence or absence of orbital fracture is omitted. The objective of this review is to systematically indicate the main outcomes that should be taken into account in the prognostic assessment of ocular injury, whether open or closed. The qualitative approach methodology was used, a review type with a narrative design, to describe the different types of outcomes of ocular trauma, emphasizing the addition of different aspects, until now little considered, in order to improve their prognostic capacity. In the reviewed literature, the outcomes related to the presence of poor initial visual acuity, rupture of the eyeball, retinal detachment, diagnosis of concomitant traumatic cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, traumatic hyphema, need for intravitreal injections, endophthalmitis, laceration of the eyelid and ocular adnexa, in addition to orbital trauma, were highlighted. The conclusion is that comprehensive studies of the outcomes of ocular trauma should be recommended, to complement the BETT and OTS scales and improve their ability to predict visual acuity.

Recibido: 24-08-2024
Aceptado: 27-09-2024
Publicado: 01-11-2024


Palabras clave


lesiones oculares; complicaciones de las lesiones oculares; agudeza visual; clasificación de las lesiones oculares; eye injuries; complications of eye injuries; visual acuity; classification of eye injuries.

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Referencias


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