Papel de la microbiota intestinal en la enfermedad de alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple
Role of the intestinal microbiota in alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis

Diego Bratta Castro, Weneper Lisbet Rojas Asuero

Resumen


RESUMEN
La microbiota intestinal ha emergido como un modulador esencial del eje intestino–cerebro, influyendo en procesos inmunológicos, endocrinos y neurológicos. Su desregulación, o disbiosis, se ha vinculado con la progresión de enfermedades neurodegenerativas y autoinmunes como la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) y la esclerosis múltiple (EM). El objetivo del estudio fue revisar en la literatura la información más actualizada y describir la relación entre la microbiota intestinal, la EA y EM. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, Scopus y Biblioteca Virtual de la Salud, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, en la EA, existe una reducción de bacterias productoras de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC), acompañada de un aumento de especies proinflamatorias, asociadas con acumulación de péptido beta-amiloide, proteína tau hiperfosforilada y deterioro cognitivo progresivo. En la EM, se confirmó una disbiosis caracterizada por la pérdida del eje Bacteroides–Prevotella y una mayor abundancia de géneros como Akkermansia, Methanobrevibacter y Bilophila, vinculados a un entorno inmunológico proinflamatorio y procesos de desmielinización. La disbiosis intestinal no solo acompaña, sino que contribuye activamente a la progresión de la EA y la EM. El desequilibrio entre bacterias con funciones inmunomoduladoras y proinflamatorias destaca el valor de la microbiota intestinal como biomarcador diagnóstico y pronóstico, así como diana terapéutica emergente.

ABSTRACT
The gut microbiota has emerged as an essential modulator of the gut-brain axis, influencing immunological, endocrine, and neurological processes. Its dysregulation, or dysbiosis, has been linked to the progression of neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to review the most up-to-date literature and describe the relationship between the gut microbiota, AD, and MS. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and the Virtual Health Library. According to the results obtained, in AD, there is a reduction in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, accompanied by an increase in proinflammatory species, associated with the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and progressive cognitive decline. In MS, dysbiosis characterized by the loss of the Bacteroides-Prevotella axis and an increased abundance of genera such as Akkermansia, Methanobrevibacter, and Bilophila, linked to a proinflammatory immune environment and demyelination processes, has been confirmed. Gut dysbiosis not only accompanies but actively contributes to the progression of AD and MS. The imbalance between bacteria with immunomodulatory and proinflammatory functions highlights the value of the gut microbiota as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as an emerging therapeutic target.

Recibido: 01-09-2025
Aceptado: 01-10-2025
Publicado: 17-11-2025


Palabras clave


microbiota intestinal; enfermedad de Alzheimer; esclerosis múltiple gut microbiota; Alzheimer's disease; multiple sclerosis

Texto completo:

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Referencias


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.53766/GICOS

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