CRISPR-Cas: de la Inmunidad Procariota a la Revolución de la Edición Genómica Multidisciplinaria

Miguel Ángel Cáceres-Durán

Resumen


El sistema CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) asociado a proteínas Cas ha evolucionado de un mecanismo de inmunidad adaptativa en procariontes a convertirse en la plataform de edición genómica más versátil y precisa de la biotecnología moderna. Esta revisión examina la arquitectura del locus CRISPR y las fases mecánicas de adaptación, biogénesis e interferencia. Se analiza la transición desde la nucleasa Cas9 convencional hacia tecnologías de nueva generación, como el base editing y el prime editing, que permiten modificaciones quirúrgicas sin rupturas de doble cadena. Asimismo, se discute el impacto de la inteligencia artificial en la optimización de ARN guías y se detallan sus aplicaciones críticas en la salud humana, la biotecnología industrial y el mejoramiento vegetal. Finalmente, se abordan los desafíos actuales en eficiencia de reparación y los dilemas éticos que rodean su implementación global.

Recibido: 30-04-2026
Aceptado: 25-05-2026


Palabras clave


Edición genómica; CRISPR-Cas; Terapia génica; Mejora genética vegetal; Biotecnología industrial

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Referencias


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ISSN Electrónico: 3105-403X

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.53766/AcBio/

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