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Hidrogeles: una revisión de su historia
Resumen
Se presentan los resultados de una investigación documental sobre las principales etapas del desarrollo de los materiales denominados hidrogeles, desde unos inicios que pudieran establecerse en las dispersiones de nanopartículas de oro y plata usadas en cristalería entre los años 290-325 D.C., cuyas formulaciones estuvieron aparentemente basadas en conocimiento puramente empírico, pasando por los hidratos líquidos y gelatinosos del ácido silícico que Graham definió como “hidrosol” e “hidrogel”, respectivamente. La etapa siguiente se desarrolló paralelamente al surgimiento de los polímeros sintéticos, aprovechándolos para la obtención de hidrogeles con características reproducibles y controladas. Posteriormente, los estudios teóricos predijeron cambios de volumen debido a transiciones de fase en estos materiales, en respuesta a algunos estímulos externos, llevando al surgimiento de los hidrogeles responsivos o inteligentes. Más recientemente, el desarrollo de diversas áreas relacionadas con su preparación y aplicación, como la química clic, las reacciones bio-ortogonales, la ingeniería genética, la nanotecnología, la bio-nanotecnología, etc., que a su vez han sido impulsadas por los hidrogeles, ha permitido obtener materiales más sostenibles, biocompatibles y con respuestas cada vez más específicas, es decir, materiales mucho más inteligentes. Por ello, para distinguirlos de sus predecesores, quizás sea conveniente en el futuro llamarlos “hidrogeles hiper inteligentes”.
Recibido: 10 de noviembre de 2023
Aceptado: 20 de marzo de 2024
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