Pulmón artificial: Un enfoque de ingeniería biomédica

Jairo Rondón, Yvvonna Gutiérrez, Claudio Lugo

Resumen


Este estudio explora los avances recientes en la tecnología del pulmon artificial desde una perspectiva de la ingeniería biomédica, abordando la necesidad urgente de alternativas al trasplante pulmonar debido a la escasez de órganos y al au-mento en la prevalencia de enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, como la EPOC y la fibrosis pulmonar. El análisis abarca desde la oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO), utilizada como soporte temporal, hasta pulmones artificiales implantables diseñados para replicar de manera autónoma la función respiratoria. Se destacan innovaciones clave, inclu-yendo biomateriales avanzados, microingeniería e impresión 3D biológica, orientadas a mejorar la biocompatibilidad y reducir los riesgos de coagulación y rechazo inmunológico. En particular, la descelularización de pulmones donados y su repoblación con células autólogas surge como un enfoque prometedor, que ofrece soluciones sostenibles con menor necesi-dad de inmunosupresión. Además, los modelos biohíbridos y los dispositivos biomiméticos con microcanales han demostra-do una mayor eficiencia en el intercambio gaseoso y una respuesta inflamatoria mínima. El desarrollo de pulmones artifi-ciales implantables se perfila, así como una solución viable e innovadora para la insuficiencia pulmonar crónica, que requiere un enfoque multidisciplinario que integre la ingeniería biomédica, la biotecnología y la medicina regenerativa.

RECIBIDO: 29 de diciembre de 2024
ACEPTADO: 23 de marzo de 2025


Palabras clave


Órganos artificiales, Pulmón artificial; Oxigenación extracorpórea; Tecnología implantable

Texto completo:

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Referencias


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