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Una revisión sobre andamios bioactivos en ingeniería biomé-dica: Funcionalización con nanopartículas y biomoléculas
Resumen
Los andamios bioactivos funcionalizados con nanopartículas y biomoléculas representan una estrategia fundamental en la ingeniería de tejidos, al proporcionar señales estructurales, bioquímicas y mecanobiológicas que favorecen la regenera-ción tisular. Estos sistemas emulan funciones esenciales de la matriz extracelular (MEC), modulando la adhesión, prolife-ración, diferenciación y la formación de nueva matriz. Esta revisión integra las principales categorías de biomateriales y evalúa cómo las estrategias de funcionalización mejoran su desempeño mecánico, bioactividad y capacidad de respuesta biológica. Las nanopartículas aportan ventajas únicas, como propiedades antimicrobianas, liberación controlada de agen-tes terapéuticos, refuerzo mecánico y mayor potencial osteogénico o angiogénico; mientras que las biomoléculas, incluidas péptidos, factores de crecimiento y proteínas de la MEC, fortalecen las interacciones célula–material. Las aplicaciones en la regeneración ósea, cartilaginosa y cardiovascular demuestran el potencial de estos sistemas para superar las limitacio-nes de los andamios convencionales. No obstante, persisten retos relacionados con la vascularización, la modulación in-munológica, el control de la degradación, la reproducibilidad y los procesos regulatorios. Las tendencias emergentes, co-mo la bioimpresión 4D, los materiales sensibles a estímulos, los andamios activados por genes, las interfaces bioelectrónicas y el diseño asistido por inteligencia artificial, ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para desarrollar plataformas regenerativas personalizadas y clínicamente viables.
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