Disruptores endocrinos y cáncer de próstata: rol de los pesticidas utilizados en los Andes venezolanos
Endocrine disruptors and prostate cancer: role of pesticides used in the Venezuelan Andes
Resumen
RESUMEN
Objetivo: describir la vinculación etiológica y patogénica de los plaguicidas utilizados en los Andes venezolanos como disruptores endocrinos (DE) en el desarrollo y progresión del cáncer de próstata (CP). Metodología: investigación documental de revisión narrativa. Se analizaron artículos científicos, editoriales y consensos de los últimos cinco años (2022-2026) en español e inglés, recuperados de Google Académico®, PubMed® y Cochrane®. Se emplearon descriptores específicos y operadores booleanos, seleccionando una muestra final de fuentes bajo criterios de relevancia temática y rigor científico. Resultados: se identificó que plaguicidas comunes en la región andina, como el mancozeb, clortalonil y diversos piretroides, actúan como DE mediante mecanismos genómicos y no genómicos. Estos compuestos alteran el receptor de andrógenos, activan vías alternativas de supervivencia celular (ZIP9, Wnt/β-catenina) e inducen cambios epigenéticos transgeneracionales. Se destaca la identificación de 12 genes centrales (Hub Genes) cuya expresión es alterada por 17 tipos de DE, favoreciendo fenotipos de CP agresivos y resistentes a la castración. Asimismo, las implicaciones de la contaminación ambiental y los DE en el cáncer de próstata, se vinculan con la sensibilidad hormonal, siendo su crecimiento estimulado por andrógenos, lo que lo hace altamente susceptible a químicos ambientales que imitan o bloquean estas hormonas. Conclusiones: existe una relación crítica entre la exposición a agroquímicos andinos y la carcinogénesis prostática. Es urgente implementar programas de biomonitoreo local en Venezuela y fortalecer la regulación de estas sustancias para mitigar el impacto en la salud oncológica y reproductiva de la población rural.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the etiological and pathogenic link between pesticides used in the Venezuelan Andes as endocrine disruptors (EDCs) and the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Methodology: A documentary research based on a narrative review. Scientific articles, editorials, and consensus papers from the last five years (2022-2026) in Spanish and English were analyzed, retrieved from Google ScholarTM, PubMedTM, and CochraneTM. Specific descriptors and Boolean operators were used, selecting a final sample of sources based on thematic relevance and scientific rigor. Results: Common pesticides in the Andean region, such as mancozeb, chlorothalonil, and various pyrethroids, were identified as EDCs acting through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. These compounds alter the androgen receptor, activate alternative cell survival pathways (ZIP9, Wnt/β-catenin), and induce transgenerational epigenetic changes. The identification of 12 "Hub Genes" whose expression is altered by 17 types of EDCs stands out, promoting aggressive and castration-resistant PCa phenotypes. Likewise, the implications of environmental pollution and ED in prostate cancer are linked to hormonal sensitivity, as its growth is stimulated by androgens, making it highly susceptible to environmental chemicals that mimic or block these hormones. Conclusions: There is a critical relationship between exposure to Andean agrochemicals and prostatic carcinogenesis. It is urgent to implement local biomonitoring programs in Venezuela and strengthen the regulation of these substances to mitigate the impact on the oncological and reproductive health of the rural population.
Recibido: 15-03-2026.
Aceptado: 08-05-2026.
Publicado: 29-05-2026
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PDFReferencias
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Depósito Legal Electrónico: ME2016000090
ISSN Electrónico: 2610-797X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53766/GICOS
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