Algunos aspectos en la atención odontológica de pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista: revisión de la literatura
Resumen
El autismo es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo manifestado mediante anomalías en las interacciones sociales y los patrones de comunicación de por vida. Los síntomas pueden variar ampliamente en gravedad y presentación. La etiología exacta de los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) sigue siendo un tema de investigación y debate continuo. Se cree que múltiples factores, incluidos factores genéticos, ambientales y neurobiológicos, contribuyen al desarrollo del TEA. Se ha estimado que la prevalencia de TEA oscila entre 0.6 y 313.3 por 10.000 personas. La atención odontológica debes ser considerada multidisciplinaria, en conjunto con el área médica. El estado de salud bucal en pacientes con TEA es controversial; mientras que unos estudios encuentran problemas bucodentales similares entre pacientes con TEA y controles sin TEA, otros muestran condiciones más desfavorables y necesidades de tratamiento más altas en los sujetos con TEA. Sin embargo, la necesidad de atenciones especiales en ellos es consistente. El odontólogo debe tener el conocimiento y un entendimiento profundo de cuáles podrían ser los patrones de comportamiento en pacientes con TEA, para enfrentar con éxito el tratamiento en el consultorio dental. Algunas estrategias para garantizar una atención dental eficiente para personas con TEA son la preparación del entorno; la comunicación eficaz y firme; la desensibilización y exposición gradual a la intervención; el manejo del comportamiento; así como, el uso de sedación y anestesia en algunos casos. Dado que a los problemas de comunicación y comportamiento que enfrentan los niños y adultos con TEA, es necesario promover el cuidado dental adecuado de los sujetos con TEA. Es fundamental comenzar una rutina de higiene bucal lo antes posible porque puede facilitar el cepillado y el uso de hilo dental con la edad. Establecer una rutina de cuidado bucal en casa puede ayudar a prevenir problemas que requieren experiencias abrumadoras durante la consulta dental.
Recibido: 25 de Marzo de 2024
Aceptado: 13 de Octubre de 2024
Publicado online: 26 de Octubre de 2024
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